Maneshah’s area

Dada means nothing and the Dada movement was a multimedia avant-garde art practice that began in Zurich during the World War 1 and flourished in Berlin, Paris and New York. It has been noted that lectronic literature can be considered as an art or a cultural movement but it has to be based on the heuristic or rhetorical strategy. Many comparisons have been made from the Dada movement to others such as impressionism. The Dada movement was considered to be great.

hugo Ball, the organiser of the Cabaret Voltaire ws interested in realising Wagner’s idea of Gesamtkurstwerk, “total work of art that would integrate various media into a multisensory whole.”

Sometimes, elctronic literature can find some audiences within the academic world. According to various studies, eletronic literature is distributed virally.

The reader and the writer play a functional role in the interpretation process of a text. The fact that reading itself is an explicit form of art, it particularly known as being an illusion. Literature has always been one kind of reading where people can always have their own interpretations. The World Wide Web is now creating a difference between the virtual text and the original text. everyone is having access to information from the World Wide Web. There is a chain network of information that is travelling all arouund the world. According to the article “Hypertext and the art of Argumentative Writing”, hypertext is the glue that holds the Internet together, linking a tour company’s page on escorted tours of Istanbul with a page of history of Istanbul’s Hippodrome…..”

Basically, the internet makes people travel throughout the globe in a virtual manner. Similarly, hypertext makes the writes and the readers travel virtually throughout a text; far beyond the confines of the print. Aristotle and Plato have written and have argued so much about rhetoric but nowadays, the trend is mainly on technology. Visuala nd textual representations are very important. They hapel to make the reader understand a concept more easily.

Hypertextuality is being associated with the digital connectivity and computer revolution. The hypertextuality is also applied to James Joyce’s Ulysses. The simplest way of remembering the hypertextuality is to characterise the textual behaviour. It can be in a poetic form. In Darren Toft’s, “A Retrperspective sort of Arrangement”, hypertextuality has ben defined as a timely formulation of a more general theoretical approach to understanding the way certain kinds of texts work.” Hypertextuality is an unending process. many authors such as Haymar has focused “mostly on the technical structures of arrangement within the text, the linkages and points of connection, different styles and overall fragmentory structure.” Althought he fact that Ulysses is trange, each reader can make out the difference from his/ her own perspective of the text.

Nowadays, the trend is that everyone is a designer. Writing and printing are both important aspects. Print technology has been very crucial and it has has various impacts on the modern conception of literature, education and research. Several centuries ago, the book was not marketed as its content but in the contemporary age, the book which we may also refer to as the ‘designer book’, has improved in style, subject, even for the author and the marketing process. It has acquired a brilliance of prodigy. Overloaded by an oeuvre, any author can launch book after book directly on the Net. That is one of the main advantage of the virtual community.

The quality of the world literature is on the rise. Deconstruction software with reveals  grammatical, rhetoric and educational tricks make a text readable. Human beings have a need to communicate through words. At the end of the day, it is writing that makes use of the selection programs preserves the three sentences that withstood the text. It has been noted that the mystery of texts is an order if sentences that indeed exist.  Text wants to be one step ahead of our imagination and accelerates to the point of absurdity. It does not need the logic of the machine language.

Since ancient times, writing has evolved from clay tablets to hard disk. The written word causes single events. Texts sometimes becomes as ephemeral as the spoken words. To avoid the convergence and synergy of mass and written culture, sega and Nintendo have moved towards non-literary visual interfaces which require no command of language.

The medium is the message as it often reflects much more than the actual message content. We belong to a culture where electronic medium is widely accessible and valued over the traditional snail mail. I totally agree with McLuhan when he said that technology reinvents human; for every technological invention, we learn a new way of doing things and in as much, we reinvent ourselves. However, our present world is increasingly becoming visual. A large part of our communication is taken over by visual. For instance, it can be television, advertisements or cell phones. Here, I will like to draw a link to the article entitled “From Homer to Hip-Hop: A tribute to Walter J.Ong” which refers to language. Pre-Victorian eras were solely written textual-based; they had to rely exclusively on words to get eh message conveyed whereas i our present time, word is used in conjunction with the visual text conveyed. There is less need for people especially the younger generation to use extricate spoken and written language as they are all using cell phones or computers PDA. Electronic media is a boon and it is a good thing in relation to global village. We might also take note that the globe would not have become a village without the invention of electronic media that render the world so accessible that it could be likened as a global village.

Our relationship with oral tradition has quite changed overtime. For example, in the ‘Shakespearean era’, the audience were primarily listeners. More emphasis were being laid on the spoken form of language as it was the only way to convey the meaning. that is why, the re-adaptation of Shakespeare in modern cinema often makes the real sense as how our form of oral communication has evolved. Shakespeare’s heroes were very verbose but the same degree of verbosity would become obsolete in modern cinema. In modern era, we have writing and other gadgets to help us to communicate. Therefore, oral communication has become secondary. It is not that it is less important, it is only that other mediums have compensated to it. So, there is less need for the person to use the oral language in the way people would use in Shakespeare’s time. It is only that there is less need to over-emphasize as written words of multimedia act as a redundancy of information.

Writing can be seen as similar to technology. In fact, it is a piece of technology that human has developed to facilitate communication. It is artificial as compared to oral communication which is intrinsic to human but int he long run, any piece of technology is perceived as being natural. Writing is seen as something natural to human condition but in reality it is a complex process that requires lots of conscious efforts on behalf of the subject to acquire the skills. writing requires conscious efforts and speaking is so natural that it requires no real conscious effort. We have been writing for ages and we have started to perceive it as something natural to our culture which is not. it is a technology that has been introduced long time back to facilitate our daily activities. So, in Plato’s words, the technology has been “interiorised”.

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